- 注释版
- 纯净版
导读
现在人们面对对疾病的时候，出现了一个新的概念：富贵病。当然，如果硬把“肥胖症”和富贵病牵扯在一起，似乎也不大合适。
文章先是阐述了当代不断增高的肥胖症的比率。对比2016年和1975年的数据，小孩子和青少年肥胖人数增高了10倍。这种肥胖率增加的趋势在美国，更是没有丝毫下降的趋势。
肥胖症背后的因素是复杂的，一个简单的解释是人们开始吃更多的高热高脂食物，而且锻炼的越来越少了。同时，要想控制并减小肥胖症的状况，就要明白这种现象的发生是由于整个社会的现状致使的，而不是个人原因造成的。因为科学技术的发展，快餐食物，也就是人造速食大量的进入人们的生活，影响着人们的饮食，这是整个社会的现状，并非个人原因。
第一步：解决高频单词
obesity [o'bisəti]
n 肥胖
reverse [rɪ'vɝs]
v 倒退；逆回到
dubious ['dubɪəs]
adj 可疑地；有疑虑的
prevalence ['prɛvələns]
n 流行；普遍
diabetes [,daɪə'bitiz]
n 糖尿病
cardiovascular [,kɑrdɪo'væskjəlɚ]
adj 心血管的
as opposed to
而不是••••
sedentary ['sɛdntɛri]
adj 久坐的
metabolism [mɛ'tæbəlɪzəm]
n 新陈代谢
nudge [nʌdʒ]
v 说服；轻推
第二步：精读重点段落
（Tips: 双击文中单词可以查释义并加入你的生词本哦）
Obesity is rising in many countries, but so far none have been able to stop or reverse this trend.
[1] The United States still retains the dubious distinction of being the heaviest country in the world. But obesity is a growing problem for many other nations as well.
[2] “Since 1975, the prevalence of obesity worldwide has nearly tripled,” said Kenneth Thorpe, PhD, chairman for the Partnership to Fight Chronic Disease, and professor of health policy and management at Emory University in Georgia. “It’s also the leading cause of preventable mortality,” he added, “because obesity leads to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and other diseases.”
[3] This trend is a big shift from 20 years ago, when undernutrition in developing countries was a main concern for aid organizations. But now, most of the world’s population lives in countries where obesity and being overweight kill more people than being underweight, according to the World Health Organization.
- Obesity 肥胖
- Reverse 逆回到
- Dubious 可疑的
- Prevalence 流行
- Diabetes 糖尿病
- Cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病
- Stroke 中风
Complex factors behind obesity
[6] The simple explanation for the global rise in obesity is that people are eating more high-calorie, high-fat foods and are less physically active.
[7] Highly processed foods — with added sugar, salt, and artificial ingredients — are often cheaper, easier to ship, and have a longer shelf life than fresh foods. As a result, these foods have started to replace traditional diets based on whole foods — even in countries that once struggled to feed their population.
[8] “In some lower-income countries and certain populations, it’s easier for people to get processed foods, as opposed to fruits and vegetables,” Dr. Bruce Lee, executive director of the Johns Hopkins Global Obesity Prevention Center, told Healthline. But the rise in obesity isn’t just replacing undernutrition. These can coexist in the same country, neighborhood, and even household. “There is this paradoxical situation developing, where you have a combination of both undernutrition and elevated bodyweight,” said Lee. The authors of The Lancet study estimated that 192 million young people were moderately or severely underweight in 2016.
[16] With 32 percent of its adult population obese, Mexico’s rate is second only to the United States. However, in order for programs like this to work, Thorpe said they have to be “part of a national strategy on health reform.” The World Health Organization (WHO) agrees. In a report on approaches to childhood obesity prevention, the WHO writes that community-based interventions need to be supported by appropriate government structures and policies. This includes things like dedicated funding for obesity interventions, “sugar taxes” to encourage people to cut back on sugar-sweetened beverages, and education campaigns that help people make healthier choices.
[17] Many experts think that it’s also time to stop blaming people because factors out of their control contribute to weight gain and difficulty shedding the pounds. “We’re continuing to see rises,” said Lee. “The issue is that until everyone recognizes that these are systems problems — and not individual people problems — then the rises will continue.”
- Complex 复杂的
- As opposed to 而不是
- Paradoxical 自相矛盾的
- Shed 去除；落
第三步：攻克必学语法
Which 引导非限制性定语从句时有三种情况：
1. which 代替主句中的一个词；
2. which 代替主句中的一个短语；
3. which 代替主句的整个句子。
1. which 代替一个词
The government, which promises to cut taxes, will be popular.
这个政府，它保证要减税，将会是得人心的。
He is an excellent student in all subjects except for math, which is his shortcoming.
他是个除数学之外各科优秀的优等生，数学是他的短处。
2. which 代替一个短语
Every soldier was wearing earplugs, which made conversation difficult.
每位士兵都戴着耳塞，这便使会话变得困难起来。
They accused him of treating his mother badly, which of course he denied.
他们指责他与虐待母亲，当然，他对此断然否认。
3. which 代替一个句子
He got married again a year later, which surprised everybody.
他一年后又结婚了，这使大家都吃惊。
It was built in a year, which seems absolutely incredible.
它在一年内就建成了，这简直难以置信。
He began to try to sit up, which showed us that the effects of the drug were wearing off.
他开始试图坐起身来，这向我们表明药力正在消退。
加分任务：精读全文
在之前的三步后，你已经完全具备了精读全文的能力。再多花半个小时，让你的学习效果达到120%！
下载音频
（Tips: 双击文中单词可以查释义并加入你的生词本哦）
Obesity Rising: Can We Do Anything to Reverse This Deadly Trend?
Obesity is rising in many countries, but so far none have been able to stop or reverse this trend.
[1] The United States still retains the dubious distinction of being the heaviest country in the world. But obesity is a growing problem for many other nations as well.
[2] “Since 1975, the prevalence of obesity worldwide has nearly tripled,” said Kenneth Thorpe, PhD, chairman for the Partnership to Fight Chronic Disease, and professor of health policy and management at Emory University in Georgia. “It’s also the leading cause of preventable mortality,” he added, “because obesity leads to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and other diseases.”
[3] This trend is a big shift from 20 years ago, when undernutrition in developing countries was a main concern for aid organizations. But now, most of the world’s population lives in countries where obesity and being overweight kill more people than being underweight, according to the World Health Organization.
[4] The rise in obesity is particularly problematic among children and teens. A new study published on October 10 in The Lancet found that the number of obese children and adolescents was 10 times higher in 2016 than in 1975 — 124 million compared to 11 million. The Cook Islands, Nauru, and other Pacific islands had the highest obesity rates in 2016 — more than 30 percent of their young people are obese. The next highest obesity rates among youth were among the United States, some Caribbean countries, and the Middle East — with more than 20 percent of youths aged 5 to 19, obese.
[5] In the United States, the obesity epidemic shows no sign of slowing, reported the National Center for Health Statistics — in spite of government efforts to contain it. In 2016, nearly 40 percent of American adults and 19 percent of young people were obese, according to the report. Adult obesity in the United States has also risen 30 percent since 1999. Youth obesity rose 33 percent during that time.
- Obesity 肥胖
- Reverse 逆回到
- Dubious 可疑的
- Prevalence 流行
- Diabetes 糖尿病
- Cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病
- Stroke 中风
- Obese 肥胖的
- Caribbean 加勒比海的
- Epidemic 盛行
Complex factors behind obesity
[6] The simple explanation for the global rise in obesity is that people are eating more high-calorie, high-fat foods and are less physically active.
[7] Highly processed foods — with added sugar, salt, and artificial ingredients — are often cheaper, easier to ship, and have a longer shelf life than fresh foods. As a result, these foods have started to replace traditional diets based on whole foods — even in countries that once struggled to feed their population.
[8] “In some lower-income countries and certain populations, it’s easier for people to get processed foods, as opposed to fruits and vegetables,” Dr. Bruce Lee, executive director of the Johns Hopkins Global Obesity Prevention Center, told Healthline. But the rise in obesity isn’t just replacing undernutrition. These can coexist in the same country, neighborhood, and even household. “There is this paradoxical situation developing, where you have a combination of both undernutrition and elevated bodyweight,” said Lee. The authors of The Lancet study estimated that 192 million young people were moderately or severely underweight in 2016.
[9] On average, people are also much less active than they used to be. This shift has occurred alongside increased urbanization and changes in the built environment. “Your environment really helps govern what you do each day,” said Lee. If you live in a place where you can walk to work or school because it’s close and it’s safe, you’re more likely to do that. But if you have to travel far to work or school, or if your neighborhood isn’t safe, you are less likely to go outside and walk, bike, or run.
[10] Other factors also increase sedentary time, including more screen time, working a desk job, and schools offering less physical education to children. The slowdown in physical activity and changes in the surrounding environment, though, “preceded the global increase in obesity and are less likely to be major contributors,” wrote the authors of an article published earlier this year in the New England Journal of Medicine. There is also “evidence to suggest that things like pollution and increased chemicals in our environment may be altering people’s metabolism and microbiome,” said Lee. Research shows that our microbiome can influence many aspects of our health, including our weight.
[11] In another study, published earlier this year in the journal Diabetes, researchers found that air pollution may contribute to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes in children. Medications may also influence metabolism. “Some studies have shown that kids who take ADHD medications or frequent doses of antibiotics are more likely to gain weight as children later on,” said Lee. More research is needed, though, to fully understand how these factors contribute to obesity around the world.
- Complex 复杂的
- As opposed to 而不是
- Paradoxical 自相矛盾的
- Sedentary 久坐的
- Precede 在····之前
- Metabolism 新陈代谢
- Microbiome 微生物
- ADHD 注意力不集中症attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- Antibiotics 抗生素
Reversing the rise in obesity
[12] So far, no country has been able to reverse the rising obesity rates — including the United States, which has been battling it for years now.
[13] One reason for the difficulty may be that the problem requires a different approach than using a medication to treat an illness. “We have to find some way to reduce the consumption of processed, high-fat foods, and get people to eat more fruits, vegetables, and non-sugary foods,” Thorpe told Healthline. Researchers are working on figuring out the best ways to make this happen — with some progress in this area.
[14] In the United States, the Medicare-funded Diabetes Prevention Program is a six-month intensive lifestyle program for older adults at risk of developing diabetes. The program focuses on helping people eat healthier, become more active, and maintain a healthy weight — which is good for preventing many chronic illnesses. Research has found that this kind of intervention can reduce the number of new cases of diabetes by as much as 58 percent. These programs are also “easily adaptable to a whole host of other countries,” said Thorpe, and have already been tested in the United States, Finland, China and India.
[15] Thorpe said that some companies in the United States are also nudging employees toward healthier food choices by subsidizing foods like fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean sources of protein. But will it work in other countries? “It’s something a country like Mexico could do,” said Thorpe.
[16] With 32 percent of its adult population obese, Mexico’s rate is second only to the United States. However, in order for programs like this to work, Thorpe said they have to be “part of a national strategy on health reform.” The World Health Organization (WHO) agrees. In a report on approaches to childhood obesity prevention, the WHO writes that community-based interventions need to be supported by appropriate government structures and policies. This includes things like dedicated funding for obesity interventions, “sugar taxes” to encourage people to cut back on sugar-sweetened beverages, and education campaigns that help people make healthier choices.
[17] Many experts think that it’s also time to stop blaming people because factors out of their control contribute to weight gain and difficulty shedding the pounds. “We’re continuing to see rises,” said Lee. “The issue is that until everyone recognizes that these are systems problems — and not individual people problems — then the rises will continue.”
- Intensive 集中的
- Chronic 长期的
- Nudge 说服；轻推
- Subsidizing 补贴
- Shed 去除；落
obesity [o'bisəti]
n 肥胖
reverse [rɪ'vɝs]
v 倒退；逆回到
dubious ['dubɪəs]
adj 可疑地；有疑虑的
prevalence ['prɛvələns]
n 流行；普遍
diabetes [,daɪə'bitiz]
n 糖尿病
cardiovascular [,kɑrdɪo'væskjəlɚ]
adj 心血管的
as opposed to
而不是••••
sedentary ['sɛdntɛri]
adj 久坐的
metabolism [mɛ'tæbəlɪzəm]
n 新陈代谢
nudge [nʌdʒ]
v 说服；轻推
不要一时兴起，就要天天在一起
明天见！
下载音频
Obesity Rising: Can We Do Anything to Reverse This Deadly Trend?
Obesity is rising in many countries, but so far none have been able to stop or reverse this trend.
[1] The United States still retains the dubious distinction of being the heaviest country in the world. But obesity is a growing problem for many other nations as well.
[2] “Since 1975, the prevalence of obesity worldwide has nearly tripled,” said Kenneth Thorpe, PhD, chairman for the Partnership to Fight Chronic Disease, and professor of health policy and management at Emory University in Georgia. “It’s also the leading cause of preventable mortality,” he added, “because obesity leads to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and other diseases.”
[3] This trend is a big shift from 20 years ago, when undernutrition in developing countries was a main concern for aid organizations. But now, most of the world’s population lives in countries where obesity and being overweight kill more people than being underweight, according to the World Health Organization.
[4] The rise in obesity is particularly problematic among children and teens. A new study published on October 10 in The Lancet found that the number of obese children and adolescents was 10 times higher in 2016 than in 1975 — 124 million compared to 11 million. The Cook Islands, Nauru, and other Pacific islands had the highest obesity rates in 2016 — more than 30 percent of their young people are obese. The next highest obesity rates among youth were among the United States, some Caribbean countries, and the Middle East — with more than 20 percent of youths aged 5 to 19, obese.
[5] In the United States, the obesity epidemic shows no sign of slowing, reported the National Center for Health Statistics — in spite of government efforts to contain it. In 2016, nearly 40 percent of American adults and 19 percent of young people were obese, according to the report. Adult obesity in the United States has also risen 30 percent since 1999. Youth obesity rose 33 percent during that time.
Complex factors behind obesity
[6] The simple explanation for the global rise in obesity is that people are eating more high-calorie, high-fat foods and are less physically active.
[7] Highly processed foods — with added sugar, salt, and artificial ingredients — are often cheaper, easier to ship, and have a longer shelf life than fresh foods. As a result, these foods have started to replace traditional diets based on whole foods — even in countries that once struggled to feed their population.
[8] “In some lower-income countries and certain populations, it’s easier for people to get processed foods, as opposed to fruits and vegetables,” Dr. Bruce Lee, executive director of the Johns Hopkins Global Obesity Prevention Center, told Healthline. But the rise in obesity isn’t just replacing undernutrition. These can coexist in the same country, neighborhood, and even household. “There is this paradoxical situation developing, where you have a combination of both undernutrition and elevated bodyweight,” said Lee. The authors of The Lancet study estimated that 192 million young people were moderately or severely underweight in 2016.
[9] On average, people are also much less active than they used to be. This shift has occurred alongside increased urbanization and changes in the built environment. “Your environment really helps govern what you do each day,” said Lee. If you live in a place where you can walk to work or school because it’s close and it’s safe, you’re more likely to do that. But if you have to travel far to work or school, or if your neighborhood isn’t safe, you are less likely to go outside and walk, bike, or run.
[10] Other factors also increase sedentary time, including more screen time, working a desk job, and schools offering less physical education to children. The slowdown in physical activity and changes in the surrounding environment, though, “preceded the global increase in obesity and are less likely to be major contributors,” wrote the authors of an article published earlier this year in the New England Journal of Medicine. There is also “evidence to suggest that things like pollution and increased chemicals in our environment may be altering people’s metabolism and microbiome,” said Lee. Research shows that our microbiome can influence many aspects of our health, including our weight.
[11] In another study, published earlier this year in the journal Diabetes, researchers found that air pollution may contribute to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes in children. Medications may also influence metabolism. “Some studies have shown that kids who take ADHD medications or frequent doses of antibiotics are more likely to gain weight as children later on,” said Lee. More research is needed, though, to fully understand how these factors contribute to obesity around the world.
Reversing the rise in obesity
[12] So far, no country has been able to reverse the rising obesity rates — including the United States, which has been battling it for years now.
[13] One reason for the difficulty may be that the problem requires a different approach than using a medication to treat an illness. “We have to find some way to reduce the consumption of processed, high-fat foods, and get people to eat more fruits, vegetables, and non-sugary foods,” Thorpe told Healthline. Researchers are working on figuring out the best ways to make this happen — with some progress in this area.
[14] In the United States, the Medicare-funded Diabetes Prevention Program is a six-month intensive lifestyle program for older adults at risk of developing diabetes. The program focuses on helping people eat healthier, become more active, and maintain a healthy weight — which is good for preventing many chronic illnesses. Research has found that this kind of intervention can reduce the number of new cases of diabetes by as much as 58 percent. These programs are also “easily adaptable to a whole host of other countries,” said Thorpe, and have already been tested in the United States, Finland, China and India.
[15] Thorpe said that some companies in the United States are also nudging employees toward healthier food choices by subsidizing foods like fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean sources of protein. But will it work in other countries? “It’s something a country like Mexico could do,” said Thorpe.
[16] With 32 percent of its adult population obese, Mexico’s rate is second only to the United States. However, in order for programs like this to work, Thorpe said they have to be “part of a national strategy on health reform.” The World Health Organization (WHO) agrees. In a report on approaches to childhood obesity prevention, the WHO writes that community-based interventions need to be supported by appropriate government structures and policies. This includes things like dedicated funding for obesity interventions, “sugar taxes” to encourage people to cut back on sugar-sweetened beverages, and education campaigns that help people make healthier choices.
[17] Many experts think that it’s also time to stop blaming people because factors out of their control contribute to weight gain and difficulty shedding the pounds. “We’re continuing to see rises,” said Lee. “The issue is that until everyone recognizes that these are systems problems — and not individual people problems — then the rises will continue.”
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