- 注释版
- 纯净版
Why being picked on in a Japanese school is especially traumatic
原文:
导读：本次回到了严肃的经济学人亚洲板块，目光对准了日本的欺凌现象。文章通过一个小男孩的经历进入，深层次剖析了日本学校的欺凌现象，背后的深层原因，与文化，与种族，与教育体系，都有着密切的联系。
对于这种现象，又该如何解决？
[1] Five months after the tsunami that led to his family’s evacuation from Fukushima, the boy enrolled at a new school in Yokohama. His new classmates were pitiless. They called him “germ boy”. They stole his things. They punched and kicked him and threw him down the stairs; they took him to a “study” room and beat him some more. He was eight years old.
tsunami [tsʊˈnɑmi]
n. 海啸;
[例句]The government encourages the growth of enterprises through tax cut in this financial tsunami.
面对金融海啸，国家减税以扶持企业发展。
evacuation [ɪˌvækjuˈeʃən]
n. 疏散; 撤离; 撤退; 撤空;
[例句]Three hours before first light Fuentes gave orders for the evacuation of the camp.
黎明前3个小时富恩特斯下达了撤离营地的命令。
Fukushima [ˌfukəˈʃimə, -kuˈʃimɑ]
[词典] 福岛（日本本州岛东北部城市）;
[例句]A longtime supporter of nuclear power, she shut down seven reactors after the Fukushima disaster this year.
作为一个核能发电的长期支持者，她在今年的福岛核电站事故之后关闭了七个反应堆。
enrolled [en'roʊld]
adj. 入学登记了的;
v. 亦作enrol ; 登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员; 记入名册; 卷起，包起;
[例句]The college has enrolled another group of research students this year.
这所大学今年又收了一批研究生。
Yokohama [ˌjokəˈhɑmə, ˌjɔkɔˈhɑmɑ]
[词典] 横滨（日本本州岛东南岸港市）;
[例句]We have branches in most of the cities of the world, from Yokohama to york.
我们在世界上大多数城市，从横滨到约克，都设有分公司。
[2] The abuse went on for nearly three years before the bullies added extortion. In 2014 they told the boy to hand over any compensation his family may have received after their evacuation. His parents were in fact not eligible for any recompense, but relatives had lent them ¥1.5m ($13,000). They kept it in cash at home, fearful that they would again lose access to bank accounts. The boy gave all the money to his classmates. After the cash ran out he stopped going to school altogether.
extortion [ɪkˈstɔrʃən]
n. 敲诈，勒索; 被勒索的财物; 敲诈者; [法] 恐吓取财;
[例句]He has been charged with extortion and abusing his powers.
他被控犯有敲诈勒索罪和滥用职权罪。
eligible [ˈɛlɪdʒəbəl]
adj. 合适的; 在（法律上或道德上）合格的; 有资格当选的; 称心如意的;
n. 合格者; 合适者; 称心如意的人; 合乎条件的人（或东西）;
[例句]Almost half the population are eligible to vote in today's election
大约有一半人有资格参加今天的选举投票。
recompense [ˈrɛkəmˌpɛns]
vt. 补偿; 赔偿; 酬谢; 酬报;
n. 报酬; 报应; 惩罚;
[例句]He demands no financial recompense for his troubles
他没有对自己遭遇的麻烦要求经济赔偿。
[3] The boy, now 13, is one of hundreds of evacuees to have been bullied at school. And they are part of a broader problem. Bullying may or may not be more common in Japanese schools than elsewhere, but it is unusually intense when it happens. In 1986 a boy killed himself after classmates, egged on by the teacher, topped months of mental torture with a mock funeral. Since then, thousands of articles and hundreds of books have been written on the subject.
evacuee [ɪˌvækjuˈi]
n. 被疏散者; 被撤离者; 撤退者;
[例句]The experiences and lessons from the evacuation and refuge after earthquakes indicate that the park of city is an important evacuee shelter.
地震灾害避难疏散的经验与教训表明，城市公园是重要的避难场所；
egged [egd]
[词典] 被挑唆，煽动的;
[例句]The other boys egged him on to fight.
其他孩子怂恿他去打架。
torture [ˈtɔ:rtʃə(r)]
n. 折磨; 拷问; 痛苦; （精神上或肉体上的） 折磨;
vt. 使痛苦; 使苦恼; 使焦急; 曲解;
[例句]French police are convinced that she was tortured and killed
法国警方确信她是被拷打致死。长难句：
In 1986 a boy killed himself after classmates, egged on by the teacher, topped months of mental torture with a mock funeral.
句子架构分析：
In 1986介词短语作为整个句子的时间状语。
a boy killed himself 句子的主干部分。
After在这里是时间状语从句引导词。
从句内部的主语是classmates，
两个逗号中间, egged on by the teacher,分词结构是放在从句主语和谓语之间作主语的修饰语。
谓语动词是topped…with…大意：1986年，在教师怂恿下，一男孩遭受同班同学长达几个月“假葬礼”恶作剧的精神折磨，最后自杀身亡。
[4] Yet there is no sign that the bullies are laying off. In 2015 nine bullied pupils killed themselves, according to government figures. Suicide is the biggest cause of death for Japanese aged 10 to 19, and the first day of school the most common date for it.
lay off [le ɔf]
v. 暂时解雇，裁员; 停止工作[活动]; 停止做某种不快的事; 暂时解雇;
[例句]100,000 federal workers will be laid off to reduce the deficit
10万联邦公务人员将被辞退以减少赤字。
suicide [ˈsuɪˌsaɪd]
n. 自杀; 自杀行为; 自杀者;
vt. 自杀;
adj. 自杀的;
[例句]She tried to commit suicide on several occasions.
她自杀过好几次。长难句：
Suicide is the biggest cause of death for Japanese aged 10 to 19, and the first day of school the most common date for it.Suicide is the biggest cause句子的主干部分
of death介词短语修饰cause
for Japanese介词短语修饰death
aged 10 to 19分词结构修饰名词Japanese。
and并列连词，并列前后两个完整的句子。
the first day of school the most common date for it.整个句子是and并列的第二个句子，只不过省略了谓语动词is。所以更完整的表达是the first day of school is the most common date for it.
大意：日本10岁到19岁青年的第一死因为自杀，而这经常发生在开学第一天。
[5] According to Mitsuru Taki of the Minis-try of Education, bullying in other countries tends to involve two or three pupils picking on another. In Japan, in contrast, most cases involve a big portion of a class inflicting insistent psychological(and occasionally physical) torment on a single victim. “Bullies in Japan are not rotten apples,” he says. “It is a group phenomenon.”
torment [ˈtɔ:rment]
n. 折磨，痛苦; 痛苦的根源; 刑罚;
vt. 使折磨，使痛苦; 使烦乱; 纠缠;
[例句]The torment of having her baby kidnapped is written all over her face.
因孩子被绑架所受的万分折磨全写在她脸上。
[6] There are many reasons for this idiosyncratic form of bullying. “A characteristic of Japan is that you should not stand out,” argues the head teacher of a secondary school in Tokyo. “Pupils have to lead a collective life when they are at school,” adds Koju Matsubayashi, an official in the anti-bullying department at the ministry. Erika, an 18-year-old who left her school in Tokyo after being bullied, agrees. “I was told by teachers to adapt or quit, so I quit.”
idiosyncratic [ˌɪdɪrsɪŋ'krætɪk]
adj. 乖僻的; 怪异的;
[例句]The model of idiosyncratic exchange provides a varriant of contrast theory.
特质交换模型为我们提供了契约理论的一个变种。
[7] The way Japanese schools are organised adds to the pressure to conform. Children learn in a “homeroom”: teachers of different subjects come to them. School activities, such as cleaning, eating lunch and studying, are organised in groups. Pupils must often adhere to exact rules about their uniforms, hairstyles and grooming. Individuals who do not kuuki wo yomu (roughly translated as “read the vibes”) can be shunned by other members of the class.
conform[kənˈfɔ:rm]
vi. 符合; 遵照; 适应环境;
vt. 使遵守; 使一致; 使顺从;
adj. 一致的; 顺从的;
[例句]The Night Rider lamp has been designed to conform to new British Standard safety requirements
“夜行者”灯的设计符合新的英国安全标准的要求。
grooming [ˈgru:mɪŋ]
v. 喂马; 整饰; 照料或梳洗（马等）( groom的现在分词); 推荐;
n. 修饰;
[例句]Monkeys and apes spend a great deal of time grooming one another's fur.
猿猴花费大量时间互相梳理身上的皮毛。
vibe [vaɪb]
n. 感应;
[例句]Sorry, Chris, but I have bad vibes about this guy
对不起，克里斯，可我对这个家伙很反感。
shun[ʃʌn]
vt. 避免; 避开，回避;
[例句]From that time forward everybody shunned him
从那时候起，每个人都有意回避他。
[8] The Programme for International Student Assessment(PISA),a triennial test run by the OECD, a club mostly of rich countries, suggests that Japanese students are among the top performers academically. They also have among the lowest truancy rates. But they say they enjoy school less than nearly everyone else. Shoko Yoneyama of the University of Adelaide argues that Japanese schools are “dysfunctional communities”.
triennial [traɪˈɛniəl]
adj. 三年的，每三年一度的;
n. 三年生植物，三年一次的事物;
例句 determine the program and adopt the triennial budget of the Union, and approve its final accounts;
（vi）决定本联盟计划和通过三年预算，并批准决算；
truancy [ˈtruənsɪ]
n. 逃学; 旷课; 玩忽职守; 逃避责任;
[例句]Schools need to reduce levels of truancy.
学校需要减少旷课人数。
dysfunctional [dɪsˈfʌŋkʃənl]
adj. 功能失调的;
[例句]It's the isolation, rejection, and loneliness these kids feel in their broken and dysfunctional families.
它的孤立，排斥，这些孤独的孩子感受到其破裂和家庭。长难句：
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a triennial test run by the OECD, a club mostly of rich countries, suggests that Japanese students are among the top performers academically.The Programme名词放在作主语。
for International Student Assessment (PISA)介词短语作主语的后置定语。
a triennial test run by the OECD 是International Student Assessment (PISA)的同位语，
a club mostly of rich countries是OECD的同位语。
Suggests是主句的谓语动词。
That引导宾语从句。
Japanese students are among the top performers academically属于从句内部的主干结构。大意：发达国家组织，经济合作与发展组织（OECD）领导下的国际学生评估项目（PISA）进行了连续三年的调查研究表明，从理论上讲，日本学生最安分守己，最不容易惹是生非。
Backing the bad guys
[9] Teachers rarely help. They are renowned for their pedagogical prowess, especially in maths. But most are not trained to spot bullying. There are few incentives to notice or deal with it, notes Kanae Doi of Human Rights Watch (HRW). Teachers who do not achieve harmony, she says, are seen as poor performers. One survey suggests that around 12% of teachers have taken part in bullying. A quarter of high schools allow corporal punishment.
Pedagogical [ˌpɛdəˈɡɑdʒɪkl]
adj. 师范; 教师的，适宜于教师的，教学（法）的(pedagogical);
[例句]This study provides some pedagogical implications on EFL teaching.
本研究为阅读教学提供了一定的启示。
prowess [ˈpraʊɪs]
n. 英勇; 高超技艺;
[例句]He's always bragging about his prowess as a cricketer
他总是吹嘘自己板球球技的高超。
corporal[ˈkɔ:rpərəl]
adj. 人体的;
n. 下士;
[例句]The corporal shouted an order at the men.
下士向士兵们发出号令。
[10] Since the 1980s various task-forces have tried to curb bullying. But the local school boards that interpret the national curriculum and hire teachers have neglected the problem. In the case of the boy from Fukushima, the school board in Yokohama for months tried to blame him for what had happened, suggesting he had handed over his family’s savings voluntarily, be-fore changing its mind after much public criticism.
curriculum [kəˈrɪkjələm]
n. 全部课程，课程;
[例句]There should be a broader curriculum in schools for post-16-year-old pupils
学校对16岁以上的学生开设的课程，范围应该更广一些。
voluntarily [ˌvɑ:lənˈterəli]
adv. 志愿地; 自动地，自发地;
[例句]Four people who sought refuge in the Italian embassy have left voluntarily
4名在意大利大使馆寻求避难的人已经自愿离开了。长难句：
In the case of the boy from Fukushima, the school board in Yokohama for months tried to blame him for what had happened, suggesting he had handed over his family’s savings voluntarily, before changing its mind after much public criticism.In the case of the boy from Fukushima介词短语放在句首作整个句子的状语。
the school board in Yokohama是句子的主语
tried to blame him for what had happened 谓语动词的搭配 ，这里有try to do sth; blam sb for sth。
suggesting he had handed over his family’s savings voluntarily这里doing结构是一个伴随状语。
before changing its mind after much public criticism这是一个时间状语从句的省略，修饰整个主句的，before the school board in Yokohama changed its mind after much public criticism。大意：
以那个福岛男孩为例，横滨学校董事会在长达几个月的时间里一直在将事件的责任归咎于男孩本身，表示是他自己主动把家里的钱交出来的。该校在受到公众批评之后才换了说法。
[11] An anti-bullying law passed in 2013 requires schools to report cases of bullying. It has led to a sharp rise in the number of known cases, from a few thousand a year to 224,450 in 2015. Yet there are suspiciously wide disparities between regions. In 2015 Kyoto prefecture reported 90.6 cases per 1,000 pupils; Saga prefecture, in southern Japan, recorded just 3.5. Mr Taki reckons that even Kyoto underestimates the scale of the abuse.
suspiciously [səˈspɪʃəslɪ]
adv. 猜疑地，怀疑的; 疑心很深地; 引起怀疑地; 心怀鬼胎地，满腹狐疑地;
[例句]The tan-coloured dog looks suspiciously like an American pit bull terrier
这只棕黄色的狗看上去非常像美国比特犬。
prefecture [ˈpriˌfɛktʃɚ]
n. 地方官的任期，辖区;
[例句]He was born in Yamagata prefecture, north of Tokyo.
他出生在东京以北的山形县。
reckon [ˈrɛkən]
vt. 认为; 计算; 测算，估计; 评定，断定;
vi. 估计; 计算; 猜想; 料想;
[例句]Toni reckoned that it must be about three o'clock
托妮估计当时肯定是3点钟左右。
underestimate [ˌʌndɚˈɛstəmet]
vt. 低估; 看轻; 对…估计不足; 把…的价值估计过低;
n. 低估; 轻视; 估计不足; 过低评价，过低估价;
[例句]None of us should ever underestimate the degree of difficulty women face in career advancement
我们谁都不应该低估女性在事业发展过程中所面临的困难程度。
[12] The law has prodded teachers to report bullying but it has done little to change how they deal with the problem. Bullies are rarely punished: in 2014 there were 188,057 reported cases and just two suspensions. The law also assumes that conformity is the way to stop bullying. It says teachers should “cultivate recognition… among students that they are part of a group”. But some pupils are simply more likely to be victims and need protection— like evacuees.
prod [prɑ:d]
n. 刺针，刺棒; 刺激，激励;
vt. 刺激; 捅; 促使…行动; （用手指或尖物） 戳;
[例句]He prodded Murray with the shotgun
他用猎枪捅了捅默里。
conformity [kənˈfɔ:rməti]
n. 符合; 一致; 遵从; 依照;
[例句]The prime minister is, in conformity with the constitution, chosen by the president.
依照宪法，首相由总统选定。
[13] Or gay pupils. A report last year by HRW concluded that bullying of gay children in Japanese schools was “nearly ubiquitous”. It cited a survey by Yasuharu Hi-daka of Takarazuka University that found that44% of gay teenage boys were bullied. One told HRW that teachers said his sexuality broke the harmony of the school. Separate research by Mr Hidaka suggests that roughly one Japanese teacher in three thinks homosexuality is a mental illness.
ubiquitous [juˈbɪkwɪtəs]
adj. 无所不在的; 普遍存在的;
[例句]In the US, the camcorder has become ubiquitous
便携式摄录机在美国随处可见。
homosexuality [ˌhɒməˌsekʃʊ'ælətɪ]
n. 同性恋关系;
[14] The government has said it will review its anti-bullying policies. But laws alone will not curb it. That requires policy makers and teachers to recognise that too much conformity plays a part. In November the 13-year-old from Fukushima issued a message for evacuees enduring similar ordeals. “It is painful,” he said through his parents, “but please do not choose to die.”
ordeal [ɔ:rˈdi:l]
n. 折磨; 严峻的考验; 苦难的经验; 神判法;
[例句]She described her agonising ordeal.
她描述了自己备受折磨的苦难经历。长难句：
“It is painful,” he said through his parents, “but please do not choose to die.”
这句话肯定不是长难句，但是霞姐看到的时候却莫名的感动。所以把它拎出来和大家分享。
这个世界每四十秒就有一个人自杀身亡。
生活很多时候会带给大家痛苦，自杀或许可以解脱，但是留给那些爱你的人的，却是无尽的伤痛…..
所以这句简单的话却道尽了所有的爱
It is painful, but please do not choose to die.
我知道你很痛苦，但是请不要选择死亡。
Why being picked on in a Japanese school is especially traumatic
原文:
导读：本次回到了严肃的经济学人亚洲板块，目光对准了日本的欺凌现象。文章通过一个小男孩的经历进入，深层次剖析了日本学校的欺凌现象，背后的深层原因，与文化，与种族，与教育体系，都有着密切的联系。
对于这种现象，又该如何解决？
[1] Five months after the tsunami that led to his family’s evacuation from Fukushima, the boy enrolled at a new school in Yokohama. His new classmates were pitiless. They called him “germ boy”. They stole his things. They punched and kicked him and threw him down the stairs; they took him to a “study” room and beat him some more. He was eight years old.
[2] The abuse went on for nearly three years before the bullies added extortion. In 2014 they told the boy to hand over any compensation his family may have received after their evacuation. His parents were in fact not eligible for any recompense, but relatives had lent them ¥1.5m ($13,000). They kept it in cash at home, fearful that they would again lose access to bank accounts. The boy gave all the money to his classmates. After the cash ran out he stopped going to school altogether.
[3] The boy, now 13, is one of hundreds of evacuees to have been bullied at school. And they are part of a broader problem. Bullying may or may not be more common in Japanese schools than elsewhere, but it is unusually intense when it happens. In 1986 a boy killed himself after classmates, egged on by the teacher, topped months of mental torture with a mock funeral. Since then, thousands of articles and hundreds of books have been written on the subject.
[4] Yet there is no sign that the bullies are laying off. In 2015 nine bullied pupils killed themselves, according to government figures. Suicide is the biggest cause of death for Japanese aged 10 to 19, and the first day of school the most common date for it.
[5] According to Mitsuru Taki of the Minis-try of Education, bullying in other countries tends to involve two or three pupils picking on another. In Japan, in contrast, most cases involve a big portion of a class inflicting insistent psychological(and occasionally physical) torment on a single victim. “Bullies in Japan are not rotten apples,” he says. “It is a group phenomenon.”
[6] There are many reasons for this idiosyncratic form of bullying. “A characteristic of Japan is that you should not stand out,” argues the head teacher of a secondary school in Tokyo. “Pupils have to lead a collective life when they are at school,” adds Koju Matsubayashi, an official in the anti-bullying department at the ministry. Erika, an 18-year-old who left her school in Tokyo after being bullied, agrees. “I was told by teachers to adapt or quit, so I quit.”
[7] The way Japanese schools are organised adds to the pressure to conform. Children learn in a “homeroom”: teachers of different subjects come to them. School activities, such as cleaning, eating lunch and studying, are organised in groups. Pupils must often adhere to exact rules about their uniforms, hairstyles and grooming. Individuals who do not kuuki wo yomu (roughly translated as “read the vibes”) can be shunned by other members of the class.
[8] The Programme for International Student Assessment(PISA),a triennial test run by the OECD, a club mostly of rich countries, suggests that Japanese students are among the top performers academically. They also have among the lowest truancy rates. But they say they enjoy school less than nearly everyone else. Shoko Yoneyama of the University of Adelaide argues that Japanese schools are “dysfunctional communities”.
Backing the bad guys
[9] Teachers rarely help. They are renowned for their pedagogical prowess, especially in maths. But most are not trained to spot bullying. There are few incentives to notice or deal with it, notes Kanae Doi of Human Rights Watch (HRW). Teachers who do not achieve harmony, she says, are seen as poor performers. One survey suggests that around 12% of teachers have taken part in bullying. A quarter of high schools allow corporal punishment.
[10] Since the 1980s various task-forces have tried to curb bullying. But the local school boards that interpret the national curriculum and hire teachers have neglected the problem. In the case of the boy from Fukushima, the school board in Yokohama for months tried to blame him for what had happened, suggesting he had handed over his family’s savings voluntarily, be-fore changing its mind after much public criticism.
[11] An anti-bullying law passed in 2013 requires schools to report cases of bullying. It has led to a sharp rise in the number of known cases, from a few thousand a year to 224,450 in 2015. Yet there are suspiciously wide disparities between regions. In 2015 Kyoto prefecture reported 90.6 cases per 1,000 pupils; Saga prefecture, in southern Japan, recorded just 3.5. Mr Taki reckons that even Kyoto underestimates the scale of the abuse.
[12] The law has prodded teachers to report bullying but it has done little to change how they deal with the problem. Bullies are rarely punished: in 2014 there were 188,057 reported cases and just two suspensions. The law also assumes that conformity is the way to stop bullying. It says teachers should “cultivate recognition… among students that they are part of a group”. But some pupils are simply more likely to be victims and need protection— like evacuees.
[13] Or gay pupils. A report last year by HRW concluded that bullying of gay children in Japanese schools was “nearly ubiquitous”. It cited a survey by Yasuharu Hi-daka of Takarazuka University that found that44% of gay teenage boys were bullied. One told HRW that teachers said his sexuality broke the harmony of the school. Separate research by Mr Hidaka suggests that roughly one Japanese teacher in three thinks homosexuality is a mental illness.
[14] The government has said it will review its anti-bullying policies. But laws alone will not curb it. That requires policy makers and teachers to recognise that too much conformity plays a part. In November the 13-year-old from Fukushima issued a message for evacuees enduring similar ordeals. “It is painful,” he said through his parents, “but please do not choose to die.”